document editing

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offline dataentry jobs

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200's when a Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures. As early as the 1640's mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution.
In 1801 a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. These plates are then inserted into the loom which reads (retrieves) the pattern and creates(process) the weave. Powered by water, this "machine" came 140 years before the development of the modern computer. Shortly after the first mass-produced calculator(1820), Charles Babbage begins his lifelong quest for a programmable machine. Although Babbage was a poor communicator and record-keeper, his difference engine is sufficiently developed by 1842 that Ada Lovelace uses it to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer. Twelve years later George Boole, while professor of Mathematics at Cork University, writes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought(1854), and is generally recognized as the father of computer science.
The 1890 census is tabulated on punch cards similar to the ones used 90 years earlier to create weaves. Developed by Herman Hollerith of MIT, the system uses electric power(non-mechanical). The Hollerith Tabulating Company is a forerunner of today's IBM.
Just prior to the introduction of Hollerith's machine the first printing calculator is introduced. In 1892 William Burroughs, a sickly ex-teller, introduces a commercially successful printing calculator. Although hand-powered, Burroughs quickly introduces an electronic model.In 1925, unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Vannevar Bush of MIT builds a machine he calls the differential analyzer. Using a set of gears and shafts, much like Babbage, the machine can handle simple calculus problems, but accuracy is a problem.
The period from 1935 through 1952 gets murky with claims and counterclaims of who invents what and when. Part of the problem lies in the international situation that makes much of the research secret. Other problems include poor record-keeping, deception and lack of definition

NBA HISTROY

Who better to name this prestigious award for than one of the greatest players of all time and the ultimate champion," said Stern. "Bill inspired a generation not just of basketball fans but Americans everywhere. He is respected by colleagues, coaches, fans, and his legacy clearly has withstood the test of time."
The Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award will be presented at the conclusion of The Finals. Select writers and broadcasters who cover the series will determine the MVP.
Russell anchored a Celtics team that became synonymous with NBA championships during the 1960s. As a rookie center, he helped the Celtics earn their first NBA title in 1957, defeating the St. Louis Hawks in seven games. It was the first of 10 straight Finals appearances for Boston, including eight straight titles from 1959-1966. Following the 1966 championship season, Head Coach Red Auerbach retired and Russell took over as player-coach, becoming the NBA's first African-American coach. After failing in 1967 to make The Finals for the first time since 1956, Russell guided the Celtics to consecutive titles in 1968 and 1969. Russell would win 11 NBA Championships throughout his career as a player and coach.
The 1969 Finals between the Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers was the first time a Most Valuable Player trophy was awarded, with the Lakers' Jerry West the first recipient -- the first and only time the MVP Award has gone to a member of the losing team.
Russell earned five Most Valuable Player Awards during his career. He was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1975 and was named the "Greatest Player in the History of the NBA" by the Professional Basketball Writers Association of America in 1980. In 1996, Russell was honored as "One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History" during the All-Star Game in Cleveland.

Sunil Gavasker history

Sunil Manohar Gavaskar pronunciation (born July 10, 1949 at Bombay, Maharashtra), nicknamed Sunny, was a cricket player during the 1970s and 1980s for Bombay and India. He is considered one of the greatest opening batsmen in the history of the sport.He made a spectacular Test debut in 1971 scoring 774 runs in his first Test series against the West Indies helping India to become one of the few teams to defeat the West Indies at home in the Caribbean. Gavaskar went on to average a mammoth 70.20 runs per innings in the West Indies throughout his career - a feat no batsman in his era was able to surpass consistently. From then until his retirement in 1987 he was a mainstay of the Indian batting line-up.In 1983 Gavaskar broke one of the oldest and most prestigious records in the game: Donald Bradman's total of 29 Test centuries. Gavaskar was the holder of the record for the most number of Test centuries (34) until 2003 when his countryman Sachin Tendulkar broke that record. Gavaskar was the only player to score centuries in each innings, three times (Ricky Ponting equalled this record against South Africa in 2003). He was also the first batsman to reach 10,000 Test runs and held the record for the most number of runs until it was broken by Allan Border.Gavaskar failed to carry over his success as a Test batsman to the ODI format. He could not adjust to the pace required in an ODI, and struggled throughout his career. In one of his notorious ODI performances in 1975, he scored 36 not out off 174 balls as an opener with just one Four in reply to England's 334 in 60 overs. Indian team's total contribution turned out to be 132 for 3 in 60 overs. It was alleged that Gavaskar deliberately performed poorly in that match, due to his annoyance with the promotion of Srinivas Venkataraghavan to captaincy. He later claimed that he could not adjust to the pace of the game.In 1981, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, when Gavaskar was given out by the Australian umpire Rex Whitehead, he ordered his fellow opener Chetan Chauhan to quit the match [3]. Instead of abandoning the match, the Indian manager, SK Durani persuaded Chauhan to return to the match which India went on to win by 59 runs as Australia collapsed to 83 in their second innings.

Ramanathaswamy Temple

At the town's core is the Ramanathaswamy Temple, one of the most important temples in southern India. Rameswaram is on an island in the Gulf of Mannar, connected to the mainland at Mandapam by rail, and by one of India's engineering wonders, the Indira Gandhi Bridge. Ramnathswamy temple was built in the 17th century. Situated close to the sea on the eastern side of the island, this temple is famous for its 1200 gigantic granite columns. The 54 metre tall gopuram (gate-tower), 1220 metres of magnificent corridors and the flamboyant columns embellish and render fame to the temple.The great temple of Sri Ramanatha is connected by tradition with Keshi. A pilgrimage to Kasi is not considered complete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. In olden days groups of pilgrims, many of them quite old, walked huge distance to the two temples, taking months and years, and some failing to survive the rigours and dangers of such incredibly long journeys. Men and women know this cost might be exacted of them, but they paid it cheerfully.The Rameswaram pilgrimage has long been a tradition in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, and has passed into folklore. Many kings of old period themselves on having planted columns of victory in Rameswaram. Krishna III the Rashtrakuta, in the tenth century, the Hoysala, Vishnuvardhana, in the twelfth. It was a king of Sri Lanka who according to inscriptions, built the sanctum of the temple.The temple, which has over the centuries grown into its present gigantic dimensions, stands on the eastern shore of an island, which is shaped like a conch, which Lord Vishnu bears in one of His bands. No field is ploughed or oil pressed anywhere in the island. A magnificent railway bridge, over a kilometre long and constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century, connected it with the mainland. To help the pilgrims walking incredible distances, philanthropists used to construct rest houses at intervals along the way.

Yarn processing machinery

Spinning accessories like fully automatic cot grinding machine, top roller treatment machine, eccentricity & taper tester machine, hydraulic cot mounting machine, pneumatic calendering machine, top roller greasing/degreasing machines, spindle lubricating machine, auto bobbin stripping machine.Spinning machinery parts and accessories like metallic card clothing, flat tops, lickerin wires, stripping fillets, spindles, rings, top rollers, flyers, cots, aprons, ring travellers, gears ball/roller/ needle bearings, conversion equipment, belts etc. Various models of draw texturising machine with mechanical speed upto 1500mtrs/minute with auto doffing systemAir texturising machine with inverter drive system with mechanical speed upto 1000 mtrs/minute capable of texturising upto 4 ends with 4 input speeds and 2 sets of hot pins per position. Heavy duty ring twister upto 240 spindles per machine having spindle gauge from 144 to 240 mm with ring dia upto 180 mm.Two-for-one twister with maximum 240 spindles per machine with spindle gauge, spindle speed upto 14000 rpm for all spun yarn. The TFOs for synthetics, woollen and acrylic spinning segments are also available. Precision propeller assembly winder, precision cone winder, hank to cone/cheese winder, cone winder/assembly winder/draw winder.Automatic cone winder with automatic package doffing system, minimum energy consumption with high winding speed and maximum productivity.

Indian hokey history

In 1900, Norman D. Pritchard, probably an Anglo-Indian, who was living in England at the time, represented India, and came second in both the 200 m. sprint and the 200 m. hurdles. The IOA was formed in 1927, and thus it was only in 1928 in Amsterdam that India first participated officially in the Olympic Games. This event was marked by the Indian hockey team who won the first gold medal for their country. In 1952, K.D. Jadav won a bronze medal in wrestling at the Olympic Games in Helsinki. During the 1956 Games in Melbourne, India met Pakistan for the first time in the hockey final and won by one goal to nil.India was placed quite respectably in the football tournament and qualified for the final rounds. However, they were beaten into fourth place by Bulgaria. At the Olympic Games in Rome 1960, the Indian hockey team was finally beaten by their traditional rival, Pakistan, who won by one goal, thus ending India’s 32-year monopoly of the game.In athletics, the flying Sikh, Milkha Singh, who was placed 4th in the 110 m. hurdles, created a new record for Asian athletes by finishing the race in 14.6 seconds.India regained her reputation in hockey by wresting the title from Pakistan in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. The other performance worthy of note was also during the 1964 Olympics when Gurbachan Singh, Then came an innovative move and the Premier Hockey League was launched four years ago.The Premier Hockey League (PHL) is a domestic field hockey tournament conducted by the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) with active support from sports news channel ESPN India. The tournament was initiated to revive interest in the sport, which was losing spectator interest. PHL is considered to be one of the best Hockey League played across the globe. This new tournament has benefited a lot to the national sports and excellent coverage with innovative rules and foreign players make it more exciting. Innovations introduced in the Premier Hockey League (PHL) have not only made the game more interesting but is now catching the fancy of Europeans who want to emulate a lot of things from here. who competed in the 110 m. hurdles final, came 5th in a time of 14 seconds. In the Munich Olympics held in 1972, India was able to secure a bronze medal only in hockey.

Gandhi's Ashram

While his political views were yet unformed, Gandhi’s immediate problem was to settle the small band of relatives and associates in the South African struggle who had cast their lot in with him. He decided to found an ashram and locate it at Kochrab, a village near Ahmedabad. Later the ashram was shifted to a more permanent site on the bank of the river Sabarmati.Gandhi once defined an ashram as "group life lived in a religious spirit". The word "religious" was used here in the widest sense. The ashram did not enforce on its inmates any theology or ritual, but only a few simple rules of personal conduct. Some of the vows administered in the ashram, such as those to truth, non-violence and chastity, were of universal application; others, such as those to eradicate untouchability, to do physical labour and to practise fearlessness were intended to meet the peculiar conditions of the Indian society, which was caste-ounted dignity of labour and was dominated by an alien government.All these vows were to be observed in an intelligent and creative way. They were not intended to be mechanical formulae, but as practical aids to moral and spiritual growth. They may appear to be platitudes, but nevertheless they embodied ancient truths which were none the less valid for not having been realized by the common run of mankind in workaday life.A mere enumeration of the vows is enough to indicate that life in the ashram was austere. It was also busy. Everyone had to put in some manual work. There was a spinning and weaving department, a cowshed and a large farm. Every inmate of the ashram cleaned his own plates and washed his own clothes. There were no servants. The atmosphere was, however, not so much of a monastery but that of a large family under a kindly but exacting patriarch. Gandhi was Bapu, the father of the household, Kasturba was Ba, the mother. It was a motley group including little children and octogenarians, graduates of American and European universities and Sanskrit scholars, devout whole-hoggers, and thinly disguised sceptics.

HISTORY OF JADE GEMS

Since at least 2950 BC, jade has been treasured in China as the royal gemstone, yu. The character for jade resembles a capital I with a line across the middle: the top represents the heavens, the bottom the earth, and the center section, mankind. The word yu is used in Chinese to call something precious, as in English we use gold. Jade was thought to preserve the body after death and can be found in emperors' tombs from thousands of years ago. One tomb contained an entire suit made out of jade, to assure the physical immortality of its owner. For thousands of years, jade was a symbol of love and virtue as well as a status symbol.In Central America, the Olmecs, the Mayans, the Toltecs all also treasured jade and used it for carvings and masks. The Aztecs instituted a tax in jade, which unfortunately led to the recycling of earlier artworks.The history of jade in Europe is not quite as distinguished. Although prehistoric axes and blades carved from jade have been found by archaeologist, most Europeans were unfamiliar with jade as a gemstone for jewelry use until the sixteenth century when jade objects were imported from China and, later, Central America.The Portuguese, who brought home jade pieces from their settlement in Canton, China, called jade piedre de ilharga, or stone of the loins, because they believed it to be strong medicine for kidney ailments. Jade objects brought back to Spain from the new world were called by the Spanish version of this phrase piedra de hijada. This became the French ejade and then, finally, jade.The ancient jade carved in China was what we today call nephrite jade: an amphibolite mineral. (Interestingly enough, the word nephrite comes from the Greek word for kidney, nephros, a bit more scholarly version of the same thing.) In the 19th Century , it was discovered that the material from the new world was not the same mineral as the jade from China. The mineral from Central America, a pyroxene, was called jadeite to distinguish it from the original nephrite.The Chinese knew about jadeite, travellers had brought back some jadeite from Burma as early as the thirteenth century.

Nature of Silk Fiber

The perfect raw silk fiber is a very fine filament with two parts that can readily be seen under a microscope. This filament is composed of a substance called fibroin, and the outside is covered with a waxy substance called sericin. Silk fiber in its raw state is for its size the strongest textile fiber in existence.It is said that it is as strong as an iron wire of the same size would be. Notwithstanding that in the processes of manufacture much of this strength is lost, unless very badly treated, the fiber remains remarkably strong. It is also very elastic and durable. It has a high natural luster which is improved upon in some manufacturing processes. The fabrics into which it is made are beautiful even in the natural silk colors.Absorptive power of silk.-Silk fiber readily absorbs water; wherefore, in commerce, rules are necessary regarding the amount of water allowable in the fiber offered' for sale. The usual amount allowed by weight is about eleven per cent.It can easily be understood that when raw silk fiber sells for more than three dollars a pound, a large fraction of the total weight, such as one-third, one-fourth, one-fifth, or even one-tenth of water, would make a big difference in the price. Silk markets, therefore, are always equipped with the necessary apparatus for telling just what part of the weight of the silk is water. For example, the Silk Association of America has a large laboratory in New York in which the principal work is the determination of the proportion of moisture in raw silks brought from the market. The process of getting the silk into the proper standard condition as regards moisture is called "silk conditioning."

History of Rameshwaram

Rameshwaram is a city belonging to the state of Tamil Nadu. It is an island city situated at the Gulf of Mannar at the end tip of the Indian peninsula. It is one of the most important pilgrimage centers of India. Here, Lord Rama built a bridge with the help of his devotee apes to regain his consort Sita from the grip of Ravana. Rameshwaram is a big pilgrimage center for the Hindus as both the devotees of Rama and Lord Shiva comes here for worship. Lord Rama worshipped Lord Shiva in this place to cleanse his sin of killing Ravana. It is also known as the Varanasi of the south.The history of Rameshwaram draws back to the golden age of the epic Ramayana. It is mainly based on mythology. Lord Shiva thanked Lord Rama for killing the demon Ravana at the battle of Sri Lanka here in this holy place of Rameshwaram. Based on this belief, all the devotees of Rama and the devotees of Shiva are attracted towards this holy eventful place of Rameshwaram. The kingdom of Ravana is 24 km away. Rameshwaram is very significant in the story of Ramayana as it was full of events of Rama in his process to conquer Sri Lanka. It is in fact the most devoted place of Hindus.Madurai airport at 173 km away is the nearest airport. The railway line in Rameshwaram connects with all the major cities of India like Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and Tanjavur. The state transportation as well as private bus services operates in Rameshwaram. This is the cheapest mode of transportation for local and out city transportation. The people speak Tamil, Hindi and English. The climate of Rameshwaram is hot and humid round the year. The climatic temperature ranges from 25 to 37 degree Celsius. As per the season of visiting is concerned, it is favorable throughout the year but the best is from October to March.Ramanathaswamy Temple is famous for its massive granite columns. It was built in 17th century in the eastern side of the island near the sea. The water of the temple tastes different. The building of the temple is worth visiting. Agniteertham Temple is built a hundred meters away from the place where Rama worshiped Lord Shiva to purify his sin for killing Ravana. Gandamadana Parvatham is a shrine where a foot imprint of Lord Rama is found in a wheel. It is built on the highest point of the island 2 km away from Rameshwaram.

Kamaraj in children school

One of the first political acts of Kamaraj during his tenure as chief minister was to widen representation of the rising non-Brahmins in the cabinet. Ministerial berths were given to the non-Brahmin caste-based parties, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonweal Party. Both the parties were subsequently 'subsumed' by the Congress.19 In a move to counter Tamil cultural politics espoused by the DMK, Kamaraj made conscious attempts to partake in the linguistic cultural matters. In order to placate Tamil aspirations, Kamaraj effected some measures.20 The efforts towards introducing Tamil language as a medium of instruction in schools and colleges was accompanied by the publication of textbooks on 'scientific and technical subjects' in Tamil.21 In 1960 the state education minister took steps to introduce Tamil in government arts colleges as a medium of instruction.The introduction of the Tamil typewriter in government offices was another effort to change the language of administration gradually.22 Similarly the usage of Tamil in the courts received encouragement. To affirm his role in the linguistic politics of the state, Kamaraj did introduce a bill in February 1962 in the legislative assembly for changing the name of Madras to 'Tamilnad' for 'intrastate communication', the bill also proposing Madurai as the capital.23 But no decision was taken on it. However these moves were on a low key and inadequate to woo the masses. The DMK made capital out of this, routing Congress in the 1967 elections four years after Kamaraj relinquished his office as chief minister in accordance with the Kamaraj Plan to concentrate on Congress organisational work.Committed to his version of 'socialism' meaning that "those who are backward should progress", Kamaraj remained truthful to the simple dictum of his 'socialism', providing 'what is essential for man's living' such as 'dwelling, job, food and education'.24 The great feature of Kamaraj rule was the ending of the retrogressive educational policies and setting the stage for universal and free schooling. Six thousand schools closed down by Rajagopalachari were revived and 12,000 schools added.25 The percentage of school going children in the age group between 6 and 11 increased from 45 per cent to 75 per cent within a span of seven years after he became the chief minister.26

Kamaraj industrial development

Kamaraj's other major feat was his role in facilitating developmental programmes chiefly electrification and industrial development. Thousands of villages were electrified. Rural electrification led to the large-scale use of pumpsets for irrigational purposes and agriculture-received impetus. Large and small-scale industries were flagged off generating employment opportunities. Kamaraj made the best use of the funds available through the Five-Year Plans and guided Tamil Nadu in deriving the maximum benefit.His efforts in these directions not only enhanced the profile of Tamil Nadu as one of the best-administered states in the post-independent era, but it also raised it high in social and economic rankings compared to other states.32 As chief minister for nine years Kamaraj headed a stable administration and managed two elections successfully and his reputation soared high as 'shrewd and competent' and "one of the most effective chief min! isters in India."33 He proved himself more than equal to the task and his detractors retracted the statements made about this 'village-green trundler'34 and his capacity to govern the state when he took the mantle from Rajaji.His competent ministerial colleagues and the excellent set of senior state officials saw in Kamaraj 'a man with a mission' who could set aside any stricture in order to serve the common people. He was able to invoke cooperation, dedication and willingness ungrudgingly.Importantly his approach to governance and party control was never tainted with religious overtones and a secular commitment was natural and integral to his mission in life. Among his cherished political mentors, Kamaraj held George Joseph, a Kerala Christian nationalist who chose Madurai as his base for practising law and for his political activities, in high esteem.35

.History of boxing

In the late 1950s, Jimmy Toppi, Jr. purchased an old movie theatre located at the corner of 12th & Morris where Passyunk Avenue bisects South Philly. Toppi's vision for the place was to turn it into a boxing venue, like he'd done with other properties around the city. However, the Alhambra was an unusual setting for fights. Inside, the walls were painted pink and decorated with hearts, cupids and arches.The elaborately romantic motif left over from Saturday evening movie "date nights", turned out to be perfect for boxing lovers. But the romance only lasted about four years. From 1959 to 1962, South Philly fight fans were treated to shows that spotlighted up and coming boxing talent.Jimmy Riggio, the owner and proprietor of the nearby Passyunk Gym, decided to try his hand at promoting fights and leased the Alhambra from Toppi. Riggio staged his first card on September 25, 1959. About 600 fans came.The following year featured eight shows, including three starring Jimmy Soo of Grays Ferry. Soo was a popular lightweight of Irish and Chinese decent who was in the midst of a comeback after four inactive years. This crowd-pleaser was responsible for the second and third biggest box office dates at 12th & Morris. Included in his three Alhambra fights was a "savage brawl" with Bobby Douglas that is arguably the best fight ever staged at the venue. Soo's career would end for good later in 1961.Also in 1961, future middleweight champ, Joey Giardello stopped Wilf Greaves in nine rounds before the biggest Alhambra crowd ever - 1,630. On the undercard, 1960 Olympic shot-put gold medalist, Bill Neider made his disastrous pro boxing debut when he was KO'd in the first round by Jim Wiley.

Ernest Rutherford

Rutherford was a New Zealand born physicist, who won the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work in nuclear physicsErnest Rutherford was born on 30 August 1871 in Nelson, New Zealand, the son of a farmer. In 1894 he won a scholarship to Cambridge University and worked as a research student under Sir Joseph Thomson. In 1898 he became Professor of Physics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. There, working with chemist Frederick Soddy, he investigated the newly-discovered phenomenon of radioactivity. Rutherford and Soddy proposed that radioactivity results from the disintegration of atoms.In 1907 Rutherford returned to England to become Professor of Physics at Manchester University. In 1908, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1914 he was knighted, but the war interrupted his work. He helped to develop methods of dealing with the new menace of submarine warfare, as well as studying underwater acoustics.In 1917 he returned to physics and a long series of experiments in which he discovered that the nuclei of certain light elements, such as nitrogen, could be 'disintegrated' by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted. This was the first artificially induced nuclear reaction. Rutherford had virtually created a new discipline, that of nuclear physics.In 1919 Rutherford became professor of experimental physics and director of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, succeeding Thomson. Many of his students at the Cavendish Laboratory went on to become pioneering scientists. From 1925 to 1930 he was president of the Royal Society (to which he had been elected in 1903). In 1931 he was awarded a life peerage and died on 19 October 1937. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1997, the rutherford, a unit of radioactivity, was named in his honour.

History of thanjavur

Thanjavur district stands unique from time immemorial for its agricultural activities and is rightly acclaimed as the Granary of the South India lying in the deltaic region of the famous river Cauvery and criss-crossed by lengthy network of irrigation canals, this coastal district abounds in green paddy fields, tall coconut groves, vast gardens of mango and plantain trees and other verdant vegetation.Various testimonials available in the ancient Tamil literature referring to the Cauvery as possessing the sanctity of the Ganges in conformity with the legendry and mythological stories attributed to its divine origin, rightly point out why the river is popularly called the ' Mother Cauvery' and its sacredness is evident from 'Kaviri-Thala-Puranam'. The river has also been named 'Ponni' because it is yielding 'pon' -Gold in the form of paddy. That is why it is said with pride that every iota of the earth of Thanjavur is equal to an iota of gold. The tillers in Tamil literature have been rightly called as 'Kauvirippudhalvars' - the sons of the Cauvery as they alone are worthy of this title for the rich production of grains in this fertile soil.It is no wonder therefore that at the very Threshold of the district itself one can feel the distinguish green vegetation and call Thanjavur as 'the green mansion' of the South. With an average annual rice yield touching 6.5 lakh metric tonnes during 1991-92 the district tops all the other districts of India in the production of rice and remarked as the rice bowl of India. The economy of the district is, therefore, primarily agrarian in nature with very few industrial units.Thanjavur is one of the thirteen coastal districts of Tamil Nadu in the production of marine fish which accounts for about 5 % of the total marine fish catch of the State. The district is famous for its exquisite ancient handicrafts-making of bronze icons, Thanjavur art plates, bell-metal castings, bowls, napkin and powder boxes of metal with beautiful and artistic in-laying and engraving work of motifs well known as "Tanjore swami work". It is equally well-known for pith-work, ornamental fans, mats and making of musical instruments of jack-wood. It is also a flourishing center of handloom silk and cotton sarees.

Wild Silks Properties

Cultivated silk from the Bombyx mori silkworm, which is and has always been the most common type of silk used, has a number of interesting and desirable properties that have been admired for over 5,000 years.First of all, silk takes well to dyes, both natural and synthetic, which results in colorful fabrics. Another property of silk is its soft feel, and it retains it shape well, even after having been stretched. In appearance silk has a sheen and luminosity that makes it look luxurious. Since silk production is labor intensive and costly it has often been used byroyalty and people of wealth for centuries, and it has in fact sometimes become asymbol for wealth and achievement.From then on they will wear a silk gown during court proceedings. In fact silk dresses from pure English silk are normally worn in royal weddings in England, and this is a tradition that has been upheld for centuries. There are still small silk making operations located there in modern times.Silk has the property of being a very flexible material. For example, a silk scarf can readily be pulled through a wedding ring, and it will quickly retake its original shape without a lot of wrinkling. It is light in weight, and it can be easily folded. Silk scarves are excellent for women who travel, as a lady can change her look by changing scarves and can get away with carrying fewer outfits than she normally might wear at home. In addition, silk tends to fall naturally and hangs delicately when used as clothing. This gives it an appeal over other fabrics that are more stiff and rigid. In addition, silk holds its structural integrity and will not rot. Silk is also more heat resistant than many other fabrics, including wool, for example, and is actually rather difficult to burn.One remarkable property of silk is its high tensile strength and its fibers will not easily be torn or damaged. It is also an elastic material that can be stretched and then will recover to its original size unless stretched beyond 20-25% of its original length. It has been used in the past in making guy ropes to take advantage of this characteristic.Silk clothing keeps one cool in the summer, and it provides surprising warmth in the winter and is often used as an insulation layer in different types of clothing or even in sleeping bags. Silk can absorb a fairly significant amount of moisture before it feels wet.Silk can be woven together with other fabrics in blends, and it is most often used in articles of clothing such as dresses, pants, sweaters, gowns, and shirts, for example. Silk ties for men have a look and feel that is exceptional, and many men prefer silk ties and use them almost exclusively. For all these reasons silk has been desired for centuries. The secrets of its production were held tightly in China for over 2,000 years, but finally the knowledge and raw materials (silkworms and mulberry trees) were to be found elsewhere in the world, and many countries had a significant number of people employed in the production of silk goods. China is today the world leader in silk production, just as it was several thousand years ago. China produces over half the world’s silk, and India accounts for about a quarter of the Chinese production.

Kamaraj in chief minister

Kamaraj was 'reluctant to accept' the chief ministership but the circumstance prevailed upon him as there was no 'alternative to the kingmaker himself ascending the throne.'12 Kamaraj took the mantle from Rajaji, and formed his first cabinet, which did not contain a single Brahmin contrary to Rajaji's first ministry in 1937, 'dominated by Brahmins'.13 The elevation of Kamaraj as the chief minister on the wave of opposition to the Rajaji scheme of education, led to the development of closer ties between Kamaraj and E V Ramasamy. The Congress gained the support of E V Ramasamy and Kamaraj's equation with the non-Brahmins was kept intact.
E V Ramasamy was all set to endorse his solidarity with Kamaraj on the grounds that in all these years he was the first and only non-Brahmin with Tamil as his mother tongue to become the chief minister; and for the first time a full-fledged ministry had been formed without a single Brahmin headed! by Kamaraj.According to E V Ramasamy all credit should go to Kamaraj for dropping Rajaji's educational scheme despite opposition from upper castes led by C Subramaniam and Bakthavatchalam who were in favour of it.14 Extolling Kamaraj as the pacchai Tamilan he urged his followers to extend every support to sustain the Kamaraj rule and prevent it from being ousted, as the interests of Tamils were safe in his hands.15 However, Kamaraj did not follow the exclusion of Brahmins as a deliberate policy. In fact, Brahmins were incorporated into his ministry at a later stage, one of the prominent gainers being R Venkataraman.For Kamaraj, E V Ramasamy's open proclamation of support was a great source of strength, arriving precisely at the right moment when he himself was under pressure since doubts were being echoed in certain circles whether Kamaraj, a low caste man without formal education, would be able to cope with the administrative exigencies of the office of chief minister.16 For Kamaraj, seasoned for the occasion, E V Ramasamy's endorsement was an unmistakable political gain and he saw its usefulness in countering his critics. Soon Kamaraj proved his capabilities as one of best chief ministers silencing the critics and sceptics. Kamaraj silently used the non-Brahmin movement in his favour though he did not 'share Periyar's anti-Brahmanism'.

Textile electronic testing

A series of laboratory processing and finishing equipments with various technical features are produced in the country.Testing, monitoring and controlling equipments for fibres, yarns and fabrics are produced in the country such as foreign material contamination detector at the blow room, yarn evenness testers, yarn strength testers, online quality monitoring system, yarn clearer, loom eye etc.The industry is continuously developing and upgrading its products through its own efforts or with the assistance of research organisations like IITs, Textile Research Associations etc. The machine designers being in constant touch with the R&D are usually on the look out of new models of the machines.I have dealt in a fairly exhaustive manner about the technological developments made in the ranges of products available within the country, some of which are produced in collaboration with reputed manufacturers from developed countries.It is high time that assistance from the Government of India through establishing a Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme for the Textile Engineering Industry similar to the one instituted for the textile industry is implemented at the earliest, to enable the TEI to invest and upgrade the technology as expeditiously as possible in order to meet the requirements of the textile industry.The future vision of the TEI is to match world’s standard in the areas of hi-tech, automation and latest application of electronic and computer aided systems in the textile industry. A number of manufacturers of textile machinery and parts have acquired ISO 1400 accreditation.

Hydrogen peroxide production

Hydrogen peroxide is produced by reducing alkylanthraquinone with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to the hydroquinone. After the catalyst has been removed to prevent decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide, the hydroquinone is oxidised, usually with air, back to quinone with a resultant co-production of hydrogen peroxide.The anthraquinone must be dissolved in a suitable solvent for the hydrogenation, oxidation and extraction steps - this is usually referred to as the working solution. The solvent is usually a mixture because quinones dissolve readily in non-polar aromatic solvents, such as alkylbenzene, whereas hydroquinones dissolve well in polar solvents, such as alcohols and esters.
A variety of different mixtures are in use but the aim is to satisfy a number of criteria, namely good solubility of both quinone and hydroquinone, good stability in both hydrogenator and oxidiser, low solubility in water and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions, sufficiently higher or lower density than water to ensure separation of the two phases during extraction, low volatility, high distribution coefficient for hydrogen peroxide in the solvent-water system and low toxicity.
In the hydrogenator, the working solution is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. The process is exothermic and the heat of reaction is removed by cooling the working solution before it enters the hydrogenator, by cooling the reactor during hydrogenation and/or by cooling the hydrogenated working solution.
After the hydrogenation reaction, the working solution must pass through a filtration stage to remove all traces of catalyst. Even small traces of catalyst in the oxidation and extraction stages lead to significant losses of hydrogen peroxide and could present safety problems. During the oxidation stage, air is passed through the hydrogenated working solution to convert the dissolved hydroquinones to quinones and form the hydrogen peroxide. The air outlet is passed over activated carbon adsorbers to recover solvent.
Crude hydrogen peroxide is extracted from the oxidised working solution by treating with water

History of Marie Curie

Marie Curie was a Polish-born physicist and chemist and one of the most famous scientists of her time. Together with her husband Pierre, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903, and she went on to win another in 1911. Marie Sklodowska was born in Warsaw on 7 November 1867, the daughter of a teacher. In 1891, she went to Paris to study physics and mathematics at the Sorbonne where she met Pierre Curie, professor of the School of Physics. They were married in 1895.
The Curies worked together investigating radioactivity, building on the work of the German physicist Roentgen and the French physicist Becquerel. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of a new chemical element, polonium; at the end of the year, they announced the discovery of another, radium. The Curies, along with Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.
Pierre's life was cut short in 1906 when he was knocked down and killed by a carriage. Marie took over his teaching post, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne, and devoted herself to continuing the work that they had begun together. She received a second Nobel Prize, for Chemistry, in 1911.
The Curie's research was crucial in the development of x-rays in surgery. During World War One Curie helped to equip ambulances with x-ray equipment, which she herself drove to the front lines. The International Red Cross made her head of its radiological service and she held training courses for medical orderlies and doctors in the new techniques.
Despite her success, Marie continued to face great opposition from male scientists in France, and she never received significant financial benefits from her work. By the late 1920s her health was beginning to deteriorate. She died on 4 July 1934 from leukaemia, caused by exposure to high-energy radiation from her research

.Per-acetic acid in bleaching

Peracetic acid (PAA) is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction is allowed to continue for upto ten days in order to achieve high yields of product according to the following equation.Due to reaction limitations, PAA generation can be up to 15% with residual levels of hydrogen peroxide (up to 25%) and acetic acid (up to 35%) with water up to 25%. Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid. Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde (Budavari, 1996). Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxideOrganic farmers, handlers, and consumers face a dilemma with the disinfection of wash water used to handle organic foodas well as to clean food contact surfaces. On the one hand, organic standards prohibit the use of synthetic biocides. Onthe other hand, the presence of food-borne pathogens is a concern. While organic farmers and handlers have a number ofmaterials and methods that they can use instead of peracetic acid, these are limited in their ability to disinfect and sanitizecertain types of food, equipment, and surfaces. Both acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are produced in nature as afunction of natural processes.PAA has broad-spectrum impacts on microorganisms, is an irritant, and may cause other health problems if handled improperly. However, if proper safety precautions are taken, then PAA is no worse than the principle alternative chemical sanitizers and disinfectants previously recommended to be included on the National List.

Tirmala tirupathi

There is ample literary and epigraphic testimony to the antiquity of the temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara. All the great dynasties of rulers of the southern peninsula have paid homage to Lord Sri Venkateswara in this ancient shrine. The Pallavas of Kancheepuram (9th century AD), the Cholas of Thanjavur (a century later), the Pandyas of Madurai, and the kings and chieftains of Vijayanagar (14th - 15th century AD) were devotees of the Lord and they competed with one another in endowing the temple with rich offerings and contributions.It was during the rule of the Vijayanagar dynasty that the contributions to the temple increased. Sri Krishnadevaraya had statues of himself and his consorts installed at the portals of the temple, and these statues can be seen to this day. There is also a statue of Venkatapati Raya in the main temple.After the decline of the Vijayanagar dynasty, nobles and chieftains from all parts of the country continued to pay their homage and offer gifts to the temple. The Maratha general, Raghoji Bhonsle, visited the temple and set up a permanent endowment for the conduct of worship in the temple. He also presented valuable jewels to the Lord, including a large emerald which is still preserved in a box named after the General. Among the later rulers who have endowed large amounts are the rulers of Mysore and Gadwal. After the fall of the Hindu kingdoms, the Muslim rulers of Karnataka and then the Britishers took over, and many of the temples came under their supervisory and protective control.The legend of how Lord Venkatesha came to reside on the Seshachala hill is repeated in numerous Puranas. Extracts from twelve Puranas have been published in 2 volumes as Sri Venkatachala-Mahatmyam. Padma Puran, Uttara 255,states that once Manu performed a sacrifice. A dispute arose among the scholars gathered there regarding the supremacy among Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. The task of finding out the truth was entrusted to sage Bhrigu. First he went to Kailash. Nandi did not permit him to go in. Somehow he secured as mission but Siva was sporting with his consort Parvati and paid no attention to Bhrigu. Cursing Siva, Bhrigu came to Brahma.

Cotton fibre Uses

Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth, used to make highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim, used to make blue jeans; chambray, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets are often made from cotton. Cotton is also used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric can also be made from recycled or recovered cotton that would otherwise be thrown away during the spinning, weaving or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester.In addition to the textile industry, cotton is used in fishnets, coffee filters, tents, gunpowder (see Nitrocellulose) and in bookbinding. The first Chinese paper was made of cotton fiber. Fire hoses were once made of cotton.The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which after refining can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left is generally fed to livestock. In the past, cotton seeds were used as an abortifacient, that is, a folk remedy to provoke abortion.Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers are typically less than 1/8in, 3mm long. The term may also apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose.

Organic cotton

Organic cotton is cotton that is grown without insecticide or pesticide. Cotton is the most pesticide-dependent crop in the world, accounting for 25% of the world's pesticides. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 20,000 deaths occur each year from pesticide poisoning in developing countries, many of these from cotton farming.Ginning is one of the vital steps in our process chain. Here is where the seeds, dusts particles or short fibers form the raw material are removed. In order to avoid the contamination of human hair, the workers are provided with caps and aprons. After ginning, the cotton is compressed to the standard density on fully automated bale pressing machines. All our bales are fully covered with cotton fabric and other approved packing materials in order to obtain a bale of cotton. We have ginning units in the states of Maharastra and Madhya PradeshOrganic agriculture uses methods that are ecological, economical, and socially sustainable and denies the use of agrochemicals and artificial fertilizers. In stead, organic agriculture uses crop rotation, the cropping of different crops than cotton. The use of insecticides is prohibited; organic agriculture uses natural enemies to suppress harmful insects.The production of organic cotton is more expensive than the production of conventional cotton. Although toxic pollution from synthetic chemicals is eliminated, other pollution-like problems may remain, particularly run-off. Organic cotton is produced in organic agricultural systems that produce food and fiber according to clearly established standards. Organic agriculture prohibits the use of toxic and persistent chemical pesticides and fertilizers, as well as genetically modified organisms

Varieties of Silk Moths

There are between three and four hundred varieties of moths that produce silk cocoons, many of these varieties being found in America. Only a few produce cocoons of the kind and quantity that make it profitable to collect them. Most silk comes from a single variety known to science as the Bombyx mori. This silk moth, or silkworm as we shall call it, has been raised for hundreds and even thousands of years. It is correctly called the domesticated silkworm. From just what wild variety it originally came is not known. It has probably changed greatly during its age-long process of culture. By the selection of only the larger ones for breeding purposes, this variety has been increased in size, with consequent enlargement of the cocoon. It has lost its power of flight.The wings of the full-grown moth are practically useless. At the caterpillar stage it has lost its sight. The constant care that man has given to thousands of generations of worms has made it unnecessary for them to see or fly; these functions therefore have been lost. All necessary movements are provided for by human attendants, who carry the worms to the feeding places and supply them with food. The Bombyx mori, the domestic silkworm, is white or cream-colored, whereas the wild varieties vary widely in color. Brown is very common.Stages in. the life of a silkworm.-The silkworms of all varieties pass through four marked stages: first we find them as eggs; second, as caterpillars or worms; third, as chrysalides, inside of the cocoons; and fourth, as full-grown moths. It takes from twenty to thirty days for the eggs to hatch. The caterpillar stage lasts about 3o days. The chrysalis stage lasts but a few days, and the moths die as soon as they have mated and laid the new generation of eggs.The Bombyx mori produces but one new generation each year. For this reason it is called univoltine. Some of the wild species of silkworms, however, annually produce two, three, and even more generations. The common Chinese wild silkworms produce as many as seven crops each year in the Hong Kong district, while a variety in Bengal, India, produces eight generations. These varieties are called multivoltine. The univoltine is preferred for cultivation to the many multivoltine species because it produces the finest and strongest silk. In the attempt to use the cocoons from the multivoltine species there is a great deal of waste; it is utterly impossible to reel the cocoons of some varieties.

International cotton trade

Cottonseed output in 2003 The United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion, are the largest exporters of raw cotton. Total international trade is $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa with hundreds of purchasing agents.It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique and Zambia. In Zambia it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.ATPA ensures that products from several of our trading partners in South America continue to enter the United States duty-free. With this extension, our Nation is demonstrating our commitment to continued economic growth in our hemisphere and a global system based on free and open trade. Congress should build on this commitment and ensure duty-free treatment for products made by American workers, farmers, and ranchers by approving the U.S.-Colombia free trade agreement.Cotton is an enormously important commodity throughout the world. However, many farmers in developing countries receive a low price for their produce, or find it difficult to compete with

Sodium hypochlorite in bleaching

Sodium hypochlorite has a wide application as a bleaching agent for textiles and textile laundering. It also acts as a powerful disinfectant. Sodium hypochlorite - commonly called bleach in the US - is made by reacting chlorine in a solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). The resultant product, due to the nature of the process, as well as other factors, usually has a significant amount of contamination from metal ions and/or substantial amounts of suspended solids. These conditions adversely affect the quality of the bleach, and significantly shorten its shelf life.In order to meet the tough specifications drinking water treatment facilities and other industries mandate for a high purity sodium hypochlorite, the metal ions and suspended solids must be removed from the bleach in additional process steps. This critical step is achieved with a complete filtration process that removes heavy metals, suspended solids, and other contaminants.Scientific evidence shows that slowly degradable organic substances which degrade slowly may be produced as reactants from the use of hypochlorite – the so-called ‘organo-chlorides’. These substances are measured by the analytical method of ‘absorbable organic halogens’ (AOX).In Germany the use of hypochlorite in laundries is regulated and the maximum amount of AOX allowed in the waste water from the laundries is fixed.Sodium hypochlorite is very hazardous to human health due to the etching effect that may cause skin damage and damage to the lungs. In its compound form it is very toxic to aquatic organisms and bacteria. However the toxic hypochlorite form will never reach the waste water treatment plants or the aquatic environment due to its highly active properties causing it to react with the organic substances in the waste water in the sewer.Storage of sodium hypochlorite should be undertaken very carefully since the substance is very corrosive and may lead to evaporation of chloride, which causes skin damage and damage to the lungs. In particular the substance should be kept away from acids since it reacts very rapidly with acids and creates a mixture of hydrochloric acid and chloride.

Weaving machinery

Direct warper for spun yarn; flanges between 1400 to 2300 mm, flange diameter 800 to 1400 mm, ‘V’ or ‘H’ parallel type of creel magazine and tailend. The machine can be operated with pneumatic or hydraulic braking system; speed upto 1500 mtrs./minute. Multi-cylinder sizing machine for spun yarn, zig-zag or vertical creel, upto 24 dryer cylinders in zig zag arrangement, winding width upto 3.8 mtrs. Single end sizing machine with cotton/blended, filament as well as jute yarn.Zero-twist filament yarn sizing system suitable for polyester/nylon; zero-twist or low twist; creel capacity upto 1660 ends, beamer speed 200 mpm, warping speed 300-500 mtrs./minute, sizing speed upto 300 mtrs/minute, average plant production capacity 3 tons per day.High speed sectional warping machine, constant warping and beaming speed; auto section advancing, hydraulic doffing and donning device, lost end memory and auto stop during beaming, printer interface. Automatic section control, warping speed upto 600 mpm depending on working width, beam flanged dia upto 1250mm.Versality and Reliability, the two mantras of modern weaving has driven the passion for development of CAM driven hi-speed Rapier loom. The loom does not compromise of quality or reliability.Specifically designed for indian weaving environment, the loom is designed to run without any airconditioning, thus lowering considerable amount of operating cost. The dynamically designed mechanisms and frame structure allows the loom to air-cool itself in normal working conditions. Also, ease of operation allows unskilled operators to easily understand the working of the loom thus drastically lowering the learning curves.

Preparatory and spinning machinery

Blow room machines from bale plucker to fine opener Flexiclean with setting adjustment, automatic feeding, optimal raw material utilisation and 1500 kg/hour production; models to produce upto 2000 kg/hour are also available.Chute feed card with maximum delivery speed of 300 mpm. Production ranges between 80-120 kg/hour. Lap Former with 4/4 spring loading drafting system, belt drive for drafting and creel zone of positive creel arrangement; Auto spool changer. Delivery speed upto 120 mtrs./minute with lap density of 60 to 80 grams/meter. Comber having a capacity to produce upto 1.3 tons/day (400 nips per minute), Auto piecing arrangement, state-of-the art waste collection system and online sliver quality monitoring.Twin delivery auto leveller super high speed/draw frame provides effective parallelisation of fibres with a 1 meter cv% of 0.4 for cotton and manmade blends (with independent heads) with digital auto levelling capable of running upto 1000 mts/minute; Electronic control of draw frames, PLCs sensors, AC servo drive for auto levellers, photocell systems for stop motion are all built in. Online quality monitoring.Speed frame with suspended flyers, automatic inbuilt stretch control with servo control for bobbin build, inverter control for main drive, etc with larger roving packages. Speed frame with raised heads of the rear flyer row with semi-automatic doffing and donning processes. Ring frame capable of running upto 25000 rpm with or without doffer, PLC control, inverter drive and SPINET system. Lifts from 160 mm to 210 mm, upto 1200 spindles per machine are available. RoCos compact yarn spinning system with several attractive features is available.Compact spinning machine for EliTe compact spinning system speed upto 25000 rpm mechanical, yarn count ranges from ne 12 - 160 with 70 mm gauge. Spinning accessories like fully automatic cot grinding machine, top roller treatment machine, eccentricity & taper tester machine, hydraulic cot mounting machine, pneumatic calendering machine,

Cotton harvesting

Picking cotton in Georgia, USA, in 1943.Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India, and Africa. However, virtually all of the commercial cotton grown today worldwide is grown from varieties of the native American species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense.The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural-fiber cloth in clothing today. The English name derives from the Arabic term al qutun, meaning "cotton fiber". (The Spanish word algodón has the same etymology.)Cotton fiber, once it has been processed to remove seeds and traces of wax, protein, etc., consists of nearly pure cellulose, a natural polymer. Cotton production is very efficient, in the sense that ten percent or less of the weight is lost in subsequent processing to convert the raw cotton bolls (seed cases) into pure fiber. The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton fibers a high degree of strength, durability, and absorbency.Each fiber is made up of twenty to thirty layers of cellulose coiled in a neat series of natural springs. When the cotton boll is opened, the fibers dry into flat, twisted, ribbon-like shapes and become kinked together and interlocked. This interlocked form is ideal for spinning into a fine yarn.hile harvesting is one of the final steps in the production of cotton crops, it is one of the most important. The crop must be harvested before weather can damage or completely ruin its quality and reduce yield.Cotton is machine harvested in the U.S., beginning in July in south Texas and in October in more northern areas of the Belt.

General Rayon Fiber Care

Most rayon fabrics should be dry-cleaned, but some types of fabric and garment construction are such that they can be hand or machine washed. For washable items, use the following as a guide.Fabrics containing rayon can be bleached; some finishes, however, are sensitive to chlorine bleach. Use mild lukewarm or cool suds. Gently squeeze suds through fabric and rinse in lukewarm water. Do not wring or twist the article.Smooth or shake out article and place on a non-rust hanger to dry. Rayon sweaters should be dried flat. Press the article while damp on the wrong side with the iron at a moderate setting. If finishing on the right side is required, a press cloth should be used.The critical element in successful care of rayon is the type of fiber. Regular or viscose rayons usually require dry cleaning for best results, while high wet modulus, high wet strength or polynosic rayons, will normally machine wash and tumble dry satisfactorily (see Fiber Types and Cautions sections). The low wet strength of untreated viscose rayon is likely to cause shrinkage and loss of body if fabrics made from these fibers are hand or machine washed. Viscose rayons are usually labeled "dry clean only." Check and follow garment labels for care and instructions. Consumers who do not follow care instructions will have no recourse to manufacturers should damage occur during laundering.Since many dyes and finishes applied to viscose rayon are moisture-sensitive, consumers should protect garments from contact with moisture. Raincoats should be worn on stormy days. Also, care should be used when washing hands or working in the kitchen to avoid splashing water. The problem with sizing or dye migration increases the longer the area remains damp. Spills or moisture should be blotted with absorbent cloth to remove moisture. Avoid spilling acid or alkali, such as foodstuffs or perfume, as certain dyes used on rayon are especially sensitive to these substances. Use caution or avoid treating stained areas with water. Take the garment to a dry cleaner for stain removal. Rings or darker shading caused by sizing migration and lighter areas resulting from dye migration may be permanent.

History of world cricket

Cricket has been an organized adult game since the seventeenth century when it first took the fancy of English gentlemen lying low in their country estates at the time of the Civil War. It became fashionable after the restoration under the sponsorship of powerful aristocratic patrons.By the later eighteenth century control of this fashionable and profitable new leisure activity was in the hands of a number of gentlemen’s clubs. By the nineteenth century these had evolved into county organisations which, led by Marylebone Criket Club, subsequently dominated English cricket. Their influence spread throughout the British Empire and survived the transition to the Commonwealth.In England, the emerging public schools, believing that cricket fostered qualities of manliness and leadership, proclaimed it to be more than a game, in fact an institution. Poets and parsons praised its ethical qualities. By the turn of the century cricket had come to assume profound political significance, especially for imperialists. An Indian prince declared it to be the finest flower of Empire, and in Australia cricket captains played a leading part in welding together the separate colonies into a nation.After the First World War, the dream-world began to crumble. At home the golden age gave way to unromantic but remarkably effective professionalism. The Test matches survived bodyline and grew in importance.

History of Apple

The word apple comes from the Old English aeppel. It's been around since the Iron Age and was cultivated in Egypt. In the first century A.D., the Roman Pliny the Elder listed thirty-six varieties of apples. There are many mythological associations over various civilizations, with the apple in the Garden of Eden being the most widely-known. Apple trees can live for hundreds of years.The apple was brought to the United States by the Pilgrims in 1620. The French brought the apple to Canada. The first commercial trade of apples from the U.S. began in 1741 on Long Island, NY, with the product being exported to the West Indies.One of America's fondest legends is that of Johnny Appleseed. There is truth behind this treasured story. John Chapman, born in Leominster, Massachusetts in 1774, is credited with planting over 10,000 square miles of orchards. He began in Pennsylvania, leaving his father's carpentry shop, and traveled barefoot, using a saucepan for a hat. He preached a Swedenborgian philosphy of life and lived as a vegetarian, surviving on and bee pollen. He made it as far as Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he died in 1845 at the age of 71.Captain Aemilius Simmons brought seeds to Fort Vancouver in Washington state in 1824. Two gents from Idaho, Henderson, Luelling and William Meek, began the commercialization of the apple industry in the Northwest U.S. Washington is now the top-producing apple state in the country.

Wheat cultivation

Wheat is the most important food grain in the world and ranks second in total production as a cereal crop behind maize; the third being rice.The first cereal known to have been domesticated, wheat originated in southwest Asia in the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The earliest archaeological evidence for wheat cultivation comes from the Levant and Turkey. Cultivation and repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of wild grasses led to the selection of mutant forms with tough ears which remained attached to the ear during the harvest process, and larger grains.Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking. Most breads are made with wheat flour, including many breads named for the other grains they contain like most rye and oat breads. Many other popular foods are made from wheat flour as well, resulting in a large demand for the grain even in economies with a significant food surplus.In Western Europe target wheat yields attainable are around 8 tonnes / hectare. Until recently a tonne of wheat was worth around 90 euros / tonne, giving a total income of 630 euros per hectare for an average yield of 7 tonnes / hectare. European Union subsidies available in 2006 add 400 euros / hectare, giving a total income of 1,030 euros. In some instances the straw yield of around 4 tonnes per hectare may be saleable at between 9 and 30 euros / tonne.

Hokey rules

If a third player of any team shall be penalized while two players of the same team are serving penalties, the penalty time of the third player shall not commence until the penalty time of one of the two players already penalized has elapsed. Nevertheless, the third player penalized must at once proceed to the penalty bench but may be replaced by a substitute until such time as the penalty time of the penalized player shall commence.When any team shall have three players serving penalties at the same time and because of the delayed penalty rule, a substitute for the third offender is on the ice, none of the three penalized players on the penalty bench may return to the ice until play has stopped. When play has been stopped, the player whose full penalty has expired may return to the play.Provided however that the Penalty Timekeeper shall permit the return to the ice in the order of expiry of their penalties, of a player or players when, by reason of the expiration of their penalties, the penalized team is entitled to have more than four players on the ice.In the case of delayed penalties, the Referee shall instruct the Penalty Timekeeper that penalized players whose penalties have expired shall only be allowed to return to the ice when there is a stoppage of play.

POLYESTER SPIN FINISH

Several types of spin finishes are available. There are only few spin finish manufacturers - Takemoto, Matsumoto, Kao from Japan, Henkel, Schill &Scheilacher, Zimmer & Schwarz and Hoechst from Germany and George A.Goulston from USA. It is only by a mill trial that the effectiveness of a spin finish can be established.A spin finish is supposed to give high fibre to fibre friction of 0.4 to 0.45, so as to control fibre movement particularly at selvedges , low fibre-metal friction of 0.2 to 0.15 to enable lower tensions in ring spinning and provide adequate static protection at whatever speed the textile machine are running and provide enough cohesion to control fly and lapping tendencies and lubrication to enable smoother drafting.Spin finish as used normally consists of 2 components - one that gives lubrication / cohesion and other that gives static protection. Each of these components have upto 18 different components to give desired properties plus anti fungus, antibacterial anti foaming and stabilisers.Most fibre producers offer 2 levels of spin finishes. Lower level finish for cotton blends and 100% polyester processing and the higher level finish for viscose blend. The reason being that viscose has a tendecy to rob polyester of its finish. However in most of the mills even lower spin finish works better for low production levels and if the production level is high, high level spin finish is required if it is mixed with viscose.For OE spinning where rotor speeds are around 55000 to 60000 rpm standard spin finish is ok, but if a mill has new OE spinning machines having rotors running @80000 rpm, then a totally different spin finish which has a significantly lower fibre - fibre and fibre - metal friction gave very good results. The need to clean rotors was extended from 8 hours to 24 hours and breaks dropped to 1/3rd.In conclusion it must be stated that though the amount of spin finish on the fibre is only in the range 0.105 to 0.160, it decides the fate of the fibre as the runnability of the fibre is controlled by spin finish, so it is the most important component of the fibre.

Gandhi In London

Meanwhile Gandhi was, as he put it, "doing the real round table work, getting to know the people of ngland". He had accepted Muriel Lester’s invitation to stay in Kingsley Hall in the East end, in order to be "among the same sort of people to whom I have given my life" Every morning the light appeared in his room at four for the morning prayer. He had his morning walk in the main streets of the East End; he visited his neighbours in Bow; he made friends with the children. "Uncle Gandhi" became a popular figure.
He explained to the children why he had chosen to stay in the East End and why he wore his meagre dress. He advised them to return good for evil. There was an interesting sequel to this advice, when the father of a four-year-old girl told the Mahatma that he had a bone to pick with him.
One of the most pleasant surprises of the tour was the courtesy and even affection Gandhi received from the cotton operatives of Lancashire, which had been hit the hardest by the boycott of British goods in India.He listened with obvious attention and sympathy to the tale of woe of those who were jobless. Many of them saw the background of the boycott which he had sponsored, when he told them: "You have three million unemployed, but we have200 million unemployed for half the year. Your average unemployment dole is seventy shillings. Our average income is 7s. 6d. a month."Gandhi’s homely logic and transparent sincerity left an indelible impression on some of those whom he met. They formed clearer impressions of him than the loin cloth and goat’s milk version with which the popular press regaled them. While his opinions might appear utopian or revolutionary, he could no longer be dismissed as "humbug", the appellation with which Truth had heralded his arrival in England.

Alexander Fleming

His name was Fleming, and he was a poor Scottish farmer. One day, while trying to eke out a living for his family, he heard a cry for help coming from a nearby bog. He dropped his tools and ran to the bog. There, mired to his waist in black muck, was a terrified boy, screaming and struggling to free himself. Farmer Fleming saved the lad from what could have been a slow and terrifying death.
The next day, a fancy carriage pulled up to the Scotsman's sparse surroundings. An elegantly dressed nobleman stepped out and introduced himself as the father of the boy Farmer Fleming had saved."I want to repay you," said the nobleman. "You saved my son's life."
"No, I can't accept payment for what I did," the Scottish farmer replied, waving off the offer. At that moment, the farmer's own son came to the door of the family hovel." Is that your son?" the nobleman asked. "Yes," the farmer replied proudly."I'll make you a deal. Let me take him and give him a good education.If the lad is anything like his father, he'll grow to a man you can be proud of."
And that he did. In time, Farmer Fleming's son graduated from St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, and went on to become known throughout the world as the noted Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of Penicillin.Years afterward, the nobleman's son was stricken with pneumonia.

Development of silk denim fabrics

Natural silk has been one of the most popular fabrics because of its unique properties like, softness, suppleness and strength. Silk is preferred for its lightness with warmth, sheerness with strength and delicacy with resiliency. Silk fabrics retain their shape and resist wrinkling rather well. Silk has pliability and suppleness that aided by elasticity and resilience, give it excellent drapability. Also, silk being fine and strong, can be woven into light weight denim fabrics.

The denim is a coarse twill weave cotton fabric, also commonly known as blue jeans/jeans. Taking clue from the history that denims/ jeans were originally made of silk, wool, cotton and linen, an attempt has been made to develop different combinations of silk denim fabrics.

The mulberry silk of 20/22 denier in 6 and 12 ply organzine twisted and eri silk of 2/60s, 2/80s and 2/ 120s were used in warp. The warp yarn was dyed to indigo blue shade with acid dyes. The mulberry silk in 6 and 12 ply tram twisted and eri silk of 2/60s, 2/80s and 2/120s grey yarns were used in weft for development of 100% silk denim fabric.

The cotton yarn of 2/60s, 2/ 100 Ne and linen yarns of 40s, 50s Le were also used in weft on the silk warp. Further, mulberry raw silk of 20/22 denier that can be doubled and twisted in the required plies and eri mill spun silk yarn available in the counts of 2/40s,2/60s,2/80s, 2/100s and 2/120s Nm and 20s Ne noil yarn can also be used for development of different varieties of silk denim fabri Denim fabric is a rugged cotton twill. In denim fabric the weft passes under two or more than two warp fibers that produces the common diagonal ribbing which is identifiable on the back of the fabric.

Credit card machine

Most merchants that are planning on keying in their transaction would need a, while merchants who operate a retail type environment would need a, providing that their processing volume supports the high cost of the wireless terminal, and there is sufficient cellular coverage in their area.Businesses that both swipe their credit cards and key their credit cards in, may benefit from having 2 merchant accounts processing through the same terminal. This may sound more expensive, but is usually a cheaper way to process if the keyed and swiped transaction volumes are about equal. There are several credit card terminals that can handle multiple merchant accounts.These terminals are: Nurit 2085, Nurit 3020, Nurit 3010, Nurit 8000, Omni 3750, Omni 3740, and the Verifone Tranz 380x2. There may be other terminals such as Linkpoint or Thales that can handle multiple merchant accounts but these listed are the most commonly used.Another reason that a merchant might want a terminal that can handle multiple merchant accounts is their type of business needs several merchant accounts. This is very common for Massage, Hair Styling and similar type businesses. Each stylist or Masseuse can have their own merchant account for their own customers, which will help avoid complicated paperwork at the end of the month.Total Merchant Services is a nationwide credit card processing network provider that operates through our processing bank (HSBC) to provide merchant accounts with reliable merchant services. We have become one of the most competitive credit card machine processing equipment reader companies in the industry without compromising quality. Funds are deposited ACH direct deposit within 48 hours to merchants bank account

Cotton Cultivation

Cotton module, California, 2002Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1200mm (24 to 48 inches). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, though the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation.Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. It is heavily dependent on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer.Cotton is a thirsty crop, and as water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, cotton has led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where it is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. GM cotton is widely used throughout the world with claims of requiring up to 80% less pesticide than ordinary cotton. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that worldwide GM cotton was planted on an area of 67,000 km² in 2002. This is 20% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton. The U.S. cotton crop was 73% GM in 2003.

Carbon steels properties

Carbon steels are produced in greater tonnage and have wider use than any other metal because of their versatility and low cost.There are now almost 50 grades available in the nonresulfurized series 1000 carbon steels and nearly 30 grades in the resulfurized series 1100 and 1200. The versatility of the carbon steel group has also been extended by availability of the various grades with lead additions.The rate of heating parts for quenching has a marked effect on hardenability under certain conditions. If the structure is non-uniform, as a result of severe banding or lack of proper normalizing or annealing, extremely rapid heating such as may be obtained in liquid baths, will not allow sufficient time for diffusion of carbon and other elements in the austenite. As a result, non-uniform or low hardness will be produced unless the duration of heating is extended. In heating steels that contain free carbide (for example, spheroidized material), sufficient time must be allowed for the solution of the carbides; otherwise the austenite at the time of quenching will have a lower carbon content than is represented by the chemical composition of the steel, and disappointing results may be obtained.These medium-carbon steels should usually be either normalized or annealed before hardening, in order to obtain the best mechanical properties after hardening and tempering. Parts made from bar stock are frequently given no treatment prior to hardening, but it is common practice to normalize or anneal forgings. Most of bar stocks, both, hot finished and cold finished, are machined as received, except the higher-carbon grades and small sizes, which require annealing to reduce the as-received hardness. Forgings are usually normalized, since this treatment avoids the extreme softening and consequent reduction of machinability that result from annealing.In some instances a "cycle treatment" is used. In this practice the parts are heated as for normalizing, and are then cooled rapidly in the furnace to a temperature somewhat above the nose of the S-curve - that is, within the transformation range that produces pearlite

Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur

A 107 paragraph long inscription on the walls of the Vimanam records the contributions of Raja Raja Chola and his sister Kundavai to the Thanjavur temple. The temple stands within a fort, whose walls are later additions built in the 16th century. The towering vimanam is about 200 feet in height and is referred to as Dakshina Meru. The octogonal Shikharam rests on a single block of granite weighing 81 tons. It is believed that this block was carriedup a specially built ramp built from a site 6 kilometeres away from here. Huge Nandis dot the corners of the Shikharam, and the Kalasam on top by itself is about 3.8 meteres in height. Hundreds of stucco figures bejewel the Vimanam, although it is possible that some of these may have been added on during the Maratha period.The Shivalingam - Peruvudaiyar, Rajarajeswaramudaiyar - is a huge one, set in a two storeyed sanctum, and the walls surrounding the sanctum delight visitors as a storehouse of murals and sculpture.The long prakaram surrounds the great temple (500 feet/250 feet), and the walls surrounding the prakaram again go back to Raja Raja Cholan's period. The walls house long pillared corridors, which abound in murals, Shiva Lingams and Nandis. The Periya Nayaki temple within the temple is a later addition from the Pandya period, and so is the Subramanyar Temple sung later by the Saint poet Arunagirinathar.Incidents from the lives of the Nayanmars, several of the 108 Bharata Natyam Dance postures, manifestations of Shiva (Aadalvallaan - Nataraja, Tripurantaka, Dakshinamurthi etc.) are depicted in sculptured panels or in exquisite Chola murals. Both the interior, and the exterior walls of the temple, are replete with images of the kind described above.The sanctum, the ardhamandapam, the mukhamandapam and the Mahamandapam, although distinct, form a composite unit with an imposing appearance that awes visitors, forcing one to wonder how such timeless architectural feat was executed about a 1000 years ago. Entrances to the Mandapams and the towered entrances to the Prakarams are majestic. The grandeur of the architecture and the sculptural finesse speaks volumes of the skills of the Imperial Cholas.

Raja Raja Chola History

Raja Raja Chola I, was clearly the greatest of the Chola Monarchs. During his reign (985 - 1014 AD) he brought stability to the Chola Kingdom, and restored from obscurity the brilliant Tevaram hymns of the Saivite Nayanmars from obscurity. Raja Raja was a great builder, and the Peruvudaiyar Koyil or the Big Tmeple at Thanjavur was his creation. His son Rajendra Chola (1014 - 1044 AD) was a greater conqueror who marched all the way to the banks of the Ganges.This march was commemorated with a new capital Gangaikonda Cholapuram and another 'Periya Koyil'. Gangai Konda Cholapuram was the capital of the Cholas for about two centuries, although it is nothing more than a village now with this rather well maintained magnificient temple. 35 Kilometers from Thanjavur lies Darasuram, once known as Rajarajapuram - a part of the Chola's secondary capital of Pazhaiyarai. Here is the Airavateeswarar Temple built by Raja Raja II (1146 - 1173). It was during the reign of Kulottunga III (1178 - 1218) that the Kambahareswarar temple at Tribhuvanam was built. The kings as well as the rich were the patrons of art and architecture. They gave huge donations of money and land for the building and maintenance of the temples. The Chola kings built magnificent temples.Raja Raja Chola built the famous Brahadeeswara temple at Tanjore. It is also known as the big temple. This temple is built with Sikara style. It consists of 14 successive stores rising to a height of 190 feet. A massive dome consisting of a single stone block, weighing about 80 tons, crowns it. Its construction began some time about AD. 1003 and was completed in A.D 1010.Rajendra Chola founded a new capital at Gangaikonda Cholapuram in A.D 1025. He also built a temple at this place. The bronze images of the Chola period are very famous. The Nataraja idol in the Nageswara temple at Kumbakonam is one of the largest and finest images known. The bronze image of Arthanareeswara is also another important specimen.

History of India

The people of India have had a continuous civilization since 2500 B.C., when the inhabitants of the Indus River valley developed an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade. This civilization declined around 1500 B.C., probably due to ecological changes.During the second millennium B.C., pastoral, Aryan-speaking tribes migrated from the northwest into the subcontinent. As they settled in the middle Ganges River valley, they adapted to antecedent cultures.The political map of ancient and medieval India was made up of myriad kingdoms with fluctuating boundaries. In the 4th and 5th centuries A.D., northern India was unified under the Gupta Dynasty. During this period, known as India's Golden Age, Hindu culture and political administration reached new heights.Islam spread across the Indian subcontinent over a period of 500 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal (Mogul) Dynasty, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties. During this time, the two systems--the prevailing Hindu and Muslim--mingled, leaving lasting cultural influences on each other.

Types of steels

Carbon Steels, which can include High Carbon Steel and High Alloy Steel, are the softest and usually the cheapest of the seven types we offer. Many woodworking tools are made from this material. Many craftsmen like Carbon Steel because the tools are soft enough to sharpen with a file. Virtually any woodworking tool can be found in a carbon steel version. Some woodworking tools are only available in Carbon Steel or Carbide Tipped because it is too difficult to make them from anything else or they would be too expensive.If you are cutting softwood or just a few holes in hardwoods or plastics, Carbon Steel is your answer. If you have a lot of holes to cut in a hard material, you may want to choose a better grade of steel. The tools we manufacture from Carbon Steel are heat treated to 62c hardness and cannot be sharpened with a file. A stone type of grinding wheel is required to resharpen them.Stainless Steel is not normally used to manufacture tools. However, we have found that heat-treating Stainless Steel produces tools that not only have longer lasting cutting edges than Carbon Steel but also have a spring steel quality that keeps the tools from breaking in tough applications. Stainless Steel generally costs only a little more than Carbon Steel. Our Stainless Steel is heat treated to 45c hardness and can be sharpened with a file or a stone type of grinding wheel.High Speed Steel, sometimes abbreviated to HSS, comes in various different grades generally used in the metalworking industry to make drills, end mills, turning tools, and other tools designed specifically to cut metal. In woods and plastics, all grades of HSS far outlast the cheaper Carbon Steel or Stainless Steel

Yarn processing machinery

Spinning accessories like fully automatic cot grinding machine, top roller treatment machine, eccentricity & taper tester machine, hydraulic cot mounting machine, pneumatic calendering machine, top roller greasing/degreasing machines, spindle lubricating machine, auto bobbin stripping machine.Spinning machinery parts and accessories like metallic card clothing, flat tops, lickerin wires, stripping fillets, spindles, rings, top rollers, flyers, cots, aprons, ring travellers, gears ball/roller/ needle bearings, conversion equipment, belts etc. Various models of draw texturising machine with mechanical speed upto 1500mtrs/minute with auto doffing systemAir texturising machine with inverter drive system with mechanical speed upto 1000 mtrs/minute capable of texturising upto 4 ends with 4 input speeds and 2 sets of hot pins per position. Heavy duty ring twister upto 240 spindles per machine having spindle gauge from 144 to 240 mm with ring dia upto 180 mm.Two-for-one twister with maximum 240 spindles per machine with spindle gauge, spindle speed upto 14000 rpm for all spun yarn. The TFOs for synthetics, woollen and acrylic spinning segments are also available. Precision propeller assembly winder, precision cone winder, hank to cone/cheese winder, cone winder/assembly winder/draw winder

Ramanathaswamy Temple

At the town's core is the Ramanathaswamy Temple, one of the most important temples in southern India. Rameswaram is on an island in the Gulf of Mannar, connected to the mainland at Mandapam by rail, and by one of India's engineering wonders, the Indira Gandhi Bridge. Ramnathswamy temple was built in the 17th century. Situated close to the sea on the eastern side of the island, this temple is famous for its 1200 gigantic granite columns. The 54 metre tall gopuram (gate-tower), 1220 metres of magnificent corridors and the flamboyant columns embellish and render fame to the temple.The great temple of Sri Ramanatha is connected by tradition with Keshi. A pilgrimage to Kasi is not considered complete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. In olden days groups of pilgrims, many of them quite old, walked huge distance to the two temples, taking months and years, and some failing to survive the rigours and dangers of such incredibly long journeys. Men and women know this cost might be exacted of them, but they paid it cheerfully.The Rameswaram pilgrimage has long been a tradition in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, and has passed into folklore. Many kings of old period themselves on having planted columns of victory in Rameswaram. Krishna III the Rashtrakuta, in the tenth century, the Hoysala, Vishnuvardhana, in the twelfth. It was a king of Sri Lanka who according to inscriptions, built the sanctum of the temple.The temple, which has over the centuries grown into its present gigantic dimensions, stands on the eastern shore of an island, which is shaped like a conch, which Lord Vishnu bears in one of His bands. No field is ploughed or oil pressed anywhere in the island

General uses of banana

The banana plant is a large perennial herb with leaf sheaths that form trunk-like pseudostems. The plant has 8 - 12 leaves that are up to 9 ft long and 2 ft wide. Root development may be extensive in loose soil in some cases up to 30 ft laterally. Other plant descriptions vary, it depends on the variety.Flower development is initiated from the true stem underground (corm) 9 - 12 months after planting. The inflorescence (flower stalk) grows through the center of the pseudostem. Flowers develop in clusters and spiral around the main axis. In most cultivars, the female flowers are followed by a few "hands" of neuter flowers that have aborted ovaries and stamens. The neuter flowers are followed at the terminal ends by male flowers enclosed in bracts. The male flowers have functional stamens but aborted ovaries.Fruits mature in about 60 - 90 days after flowers first appear. Each bunch of fruits consists of variable numbers of "hands" along a central stem. Each "hand" consists of two transverse rows of fruits ("fingers").The fruit quality is determined by size (finger length and thickness), evenness of ripening, freedom from blemishes and defects, and the arrangement of the clusters. Quality standards may differ in various markets.Bananas contain about 74% water, 23% carbohydrate, 1% protein, and 0.5% fat. A 4-ounce banana without the peel is a good source of vitamin B6, potassium, and fiber.

Per-borates in bleaching

The purpose of bleaching agents is to bleach the natural substances in cotton fibres and cellulose fibres that make the fabric yellowish and to bleach spots that are not removed by the laundering process.Borates enhance stain removal and bleaching, stabilize enzymes, provide alkaline buffering, soften water and boost surfactant performance in detergents and cleaners. Their biostatic properties control bacteria and fungi in personal care products. New trials demonstrate that adding borates to laundry soap bars significantly improves their cleaning action and reduce levels of dirt redeposition.Bleaching agents also bleach textile colours and hence should be avoided for coloured textiles. Bleaching also impacts on the fibre structure and in that way reduces the lifetimes of textiles. Hence textile service companies naturally will be very concerned to not over-use bleaching.Per-borates are widely used for bleaching purposes. Bleaching takes place through the use of active oxygen and per-borates are normally only active at temperatures above 60C. To make per-borates active at lower temperatures, it may be necessary to add an ‘activator’ like TAED which reduces the point of activity to around 40C and a stabiliser is also normally added. An example of a stabiliser could be phosphonates in very small amounts.The per-borates are skin irritatants in their pure form. Borates are created during the laundering process. Borates will remain stable in the wastewater treatment plants and may to some extent pass through the treatment plants. Borates have limited acute toxic effects.